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2026-04-27 14:51:49 +08:00
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<clipPath id="p25cefb3eec">
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</clipPath>
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After

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experiment1/print_image_code/fig1.py
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import os
os.environ.setdefault("MPLCONFIGDIR", "/tmp/matplotlib")
import schemdraw
import schemdraw.elements as elm
from schemdraw.segments import SegmentText
FONT_NAME = "LXGW WenKai"
OUTPUT_FILE = "terminal_voltage_diagram.svg"
def add_text(
drawing,
position,
text,
*,
rotation=0,
align=("center", "center"),
fontsize=18,
):
element = elm.Element().at(position).anchor("center").hold()
element.anchors["center"] = (0, 0)
element.segments.append(
SegmentText(
(0, 0),
text,
rotation=rotation,
align=align,
fontsize=fontsize,
font=FONT_NAME,
)
)
drawing.add(element)
with schemdraw.Drawing(show=False) as d:
d.config(
unit=1.0,
fontsize=18,
font=FONT_NAME,
lw=2.0,
margin=0.18,
bgcolor="white",
)
# ===== 几何参数 =====
left_x = 1.5
top_y = 6.3
bottom_y = 2.1
node_x = 6.1
term_x = 8.45
# 电池位置
battery_x = left_x
battery_bottom_y = 3.55
battery_len = 1.55
# 电阻尺寸控制
top_res_start_x = 3.0
top_res_len = 2.2
vertical_res_len = 2.25
# 关键点
top_node = (node_x, top_y)
bottom_node = (node_x, bottom_y)
a_pos = (term_x, top_y)
b_pos = (term_x, bottom_y)
top_battery_end_y = battery_bottom_y + battery_len
# ===== 左支路 + 电池 =====
# 下导线到电池
d.add(
elm.Line()
.at((battery_x, bottom_y))
.up(battery_bottom_y - bottom_y)
.hold()
)
# 电池
d.add(
elm.BatteryCell()
.at((battery_x, battery_bottom_y))
.up(battery_len)
.hold()
)
# 电池上端到顶端导线
d.add(
elm.Line()
.at((battery_x, top_battery_end_y))
.up(top_y - top_battery_end_y)
.hold()
)
# ===== 上支路 =====
d.add(elm.Line().at((battery_x, top_y)).right(top_res_start_x - battery_x).hold())
d.add(elm.ResistorIEC().at((top_res_start_x, top_y)).right(top_res_len).hold())
d.add(
elm.Line()
.at((top_res_start_x + top_res_len, top_y))
.right(node_x - (top_res_start_x + top_res_len))
.hold()
)
# 上节点
d.add(elm.Dot(radius=0.085).at(top_node).hold())
# a 端
d.add(elm.Line().at(top_node).right(term_x - node_x).hold())
d.add(elm.Dot(open=True, radius=0.105).at(a_pos).hold())
# ===== 中间竖支路 =====
d.add(elm.ResistorIEC().at(top_node).down(vertical_res_len).hold())
d.add(
elm.Line()
.at((node_x, top_y - vertical_res_len))
.down((top_y - vertical_res_len) - bottom_y)
.hold()
)
# 下节点
d.add(elm.Dot(radius=0.085).at(bottom_node).hold())
# b 端
d.add(elm.Line().at(bottom_node).right(term_x - node_x).hold())
d.add(elm.Dot(open=True, radius=0.105).at(b_pos).hold())
# ===== 下支路闭合 =====
d.add(elm.Line().at((battery_x, bottom_y)).right(node_x - battery_x).hold())
# ===== 文本标注 =====
# 9V：竖排，放在电池右侧偏中间，更贴近教材风格
add_text(
d,
(battery_x + 0.92, battery_bottom_y + battery_len / 2),
"10V",
rotation=0,
fontsize=16,
)
# 1kΩ：水平，置于上方电阻正下方
add_text(
d,
(top_res_start_x + top_res_len / 2, top_y - 0.72),
"1kΩ",
rotation=0,
fontsize=16,
)
# 2kΩ：竖排，置于竖直电阻左侧，方向要注意
add_text(
d,
(node_x - 0.82, top_y - vertical_res_len / 2),
"2kΩ",
rotation=0,
fontsize=16,
)
# a / b 端标注
add_text(
d,
(a_pos[0] + 0.42, a_pos[1] - 0.02),
"a",
fontsize=19,
)
add_text(
d,
(b_pos[0] + 0.42, b_pos[1] - 0.02),
"b",
fontsize=19,
)
d.save(OUTPUT_FILE, transparent=False)
experiment1/print_image_code/print.py
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import os
os.environ.setdefault("MPLCONFIGDIR", "/tmp/matplotlib")
import schemdraw
import schemdraw.elements as elm
from schemdraw.segments import SegmentText, SegmentCircle
FONT_NAME = "LXGW WenKai"
BG_COLOR = "white"
# 这里改成你自己的输出目录
OUTDIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "image"))
os.makedirs(OUTDIR, exist_ok=True)
def make_drawing():
d = schemdraw.Drawing(show=False)
d.config(
unit=1.0,
fontsize=16,
font=FONT_NAME,
lw=2.2,
margin=0.18,
bgcolor=BG_COLOR,
)
return d
def add_text(
drawing,
position,
content,
*,
rotation=0,
align=("center", "center"),
fontsize=16,
):
element = elm.Element().at(position).anchor("center").hold()
element.anchors["center"] = (0, 0)
element.segments.append(
SegmentText(
(0, 0),
content,
rotation=rotation,
align=align,
fontsize=fontsize,
font=FONT_NAME,
)
)
drawing.add(element)
def add_dot(drawing, position, *, open_dot=False, radius=0.085):
drawing.add(elm.Dot(open=open_dot, radius=radius).at(position).hold())
def wire(drawing, start, end):
drawing.add(elm.Line().at(start).to(end).hold())
def save_drawing(drawing, filename):
drawing.save(os.path.join(OUTDIR, filename), transparent=False)
# -------------------------
# 图 (a)
# -------------------------
def make_circuit_a():
d = make_drawing()
x_left = 0.9
x_meter = 3.0
x_node = 5.7
x_res_top = 7.2
x_right = 10.1
y_top = 4.2
y_bottom = 1.0
y_mid = 2.55
# 左侧电池
batt = d.add(elm.BatteryCell().at((x_left, y_bottom)).up(2.1).hold())
wire(d, batt.end, (x_left, y_top))
wire(d, batt.start, (x_left, y_bottom))
# 上边：A表 + 节点 + 1k
wire(d, (x_left, y_top), (x_meter, y_top))
am = d.add(elm.MeterA().at((x_meter, y_top)).right().hold())
wire(d, am.end, (x_node, y_top))
add_dot(d, (x_node, y_top))
wire(d, (x_node, y_top), (x_res_top, y_top))
r1 = d.add(elm.ResistorIEC().at((x_res_top, y_top)).right(1.5).hold())
wire(d, r1.end, (x_right, y_top))
# 右侧竖直 2k 电阻
r2 = d.add(elm.ResistorIEC().at((x_right, y_top)).down(1.9).hold())
wire(d, r2.end, (x_right, y_bottom))
# 中间 V 表支路
wire(d, (x_node, y_top), (x_node, 3.45))
vm = d.add(elm.MeterV().at((x_node, 3.45)).down().hold())
wire(d, vm.end, (x_node, y_bottom))
add_dot(d, (x_node, y_bottom))
# 底边闭合
wire(d, (x_left, y_bottom), (x_node, y_bottom))
wire(d, (x_node, y_bottom), (x_right, y_bottom))
# 文字
add_text(d, (8.0, 4.75), "1kΩ", fontsize=16)
add_text(d, (10.75, 2.45), "2kΩ", fontsize=16)
add_text(d, (5.4, 0.25), "(a)", fontsize=18)
save_drawing(d, "circuit_a.svg")
# -------------------------
# 图 (b)
# -------------------------
def make_circuit_b():
d = make_drawing()
x_left = 0.9
x_node = 3.4
x_meter = 5.0
x_res_top = 7.2
x_right = 10.1
y_top = 4.2
y_bottom = 1.0
# 左侧电池
batt = d.add(elm.BatteryCell().at((x_left, y_bottom)).up(2.1).hold())
wire(d, batt.end, (x_left, y_top))
wire(d, batt.start, (x_left, y_bottom))
# 上边左节点
wire(d, (x_left, y_top), (x_node, y_top))
add_dot(d, (x_node, y_top))
# 中间 V 表
wire(d, (x_node, y_top), (x_node, 3.45))
vm = d.add(elm.MeterV().at((x_node, 3.45)).down().hold())
wire(d, vm.end, (x_node, y_bottom))
add_dot(d, (x_node, y_bottom))
# 上边右支路：A + 1k
wire(d, (x_node, y_top), (x_meter, y_top))
am = d.add(elm.MeterA().at((x_meter, y_top)).right().hold())
wire(d, am.end, (x_res_top, y_top))
r1 = d.add(elm.ResistorIEC().at((x_res_top, y_top)).right(1.5).hold())
wire(d, r1.end, (x_right, y_top))
# 右侧竖直 2k
r2 = d.add(elm.ResistorIEC().at((x_right, y_top)).down(1.9).hold())
wire(d, r2.end, (x_right, y_bottom))
# 下边闭合
wire(d, (x_left, y_bottom), (x_node, y_bottom))
wire(d, (x_node, y_bottom), (x_right, y_bottom))
# 文字
add_text(d, (8.0, 4.75), "1kΩ", fontsize=16)
add_text(d, (9.1, 3.0), "2kΩ", fontsize=16)
add_text(d, (5.6, 0.25), "(b)", fontsize=18)
save_drawing(d, "circuit_b.svg")
# -------------------------
# 图 (c)
# -------------------------
def make_circuit_c():
d = make_drawing()
x_left = 1.2
x_v = 3.2
x_node = 6.0
x_right = 8.8
y_top = 4.2
y_bottom = 1.0
# 左侧电压源
# 左侧理想电压源：圆圈 + 竖线
source_center_y = 2.45
source_radius = 0.55
# 上下导线
wire(d, (x_left, y_top), (x_left, source_center_y + source_radius))
wire(d, (x_left, source_center_y - source_radius), (x_left, y_bottom))
# 圆圈
src = elm.Element().at((x_left, source_center_y)).anchor("center").hold()
src.anchors["center"] = (0, 0)
src.segments.append(SegmentCircle((0, 0), radius=source_radius))
d.add(src)
# 圆圈中间竖线
wire(d, (x_left, source_center_y - 0.5), (x_left, source_center_y + 0.5))
# 顶部 V 表
wire(d, (x_left, y_top), (x_v, y_top))
vm = d.add(elm.MeterV().at((x_v, y_top)).right().hold())
wire(d, vm.end, (x_node, y_top))
add_dot(d, (x_node, y_top))
# 右侧电阻支路
wire(d, (x_node, y_top), (x_right, y_top))
r = d.add(elm.ResistorIEC().at((x_right, y_top)).down(1.9).hold())
wire(d, r.end, (x_right, y_bottom))
# 中间开关支路
wire(d, (x_node, y_top), (x_node, 3.2))
add_dot(d, (x_node, 3.2), open_dot=True, radius=0.11)
add_dot(d, (x_node, 2.1), open_dot=True, radius=0.11)
d.add(elm.Line().at((x_node - 0.05, 2.18)).to((x_node + 0.35, 2.95)).hold())
wire(d, (x_node, 2.1), (x_node, y_bottom))
add_dot(d, (x_node, y_bottom))
# 下边闭合
wire(d, (x_left, y_bottom), (x_node, y_bottom))
wire(d, (x_node, y_bottom), (x_right, y_bottom))
# 文字
add_text(d, (0.25, 2.25), "Uₛ", fontsize=18)
add_text(d, (6.65, 2.6), "K", fontsize=18)
add_text(d, (9.5, 2.55), "R", fontsize=18)
save_drawing(d, "circuit_c.svg")
# -------------------------
# 图 (d)
# -------------------------
def make_circuit_d():
d = make_drawing()
x_left = 1.0
x_mid = 4.2
x_right = 7.2
y_top = 6.5
y_bottom = 0.7
# 外框
wire(d, (x_left, y_top), (x_mid, y_top))
add_dot(d, (x_mid, y_top))
wire(d, (x_mid, y_top), (x_right, y_top))
wire(d, (x_left, y_bottom), (x_mid, y_bottom))
add_dot(d, (x_mid, y_bottom))
wire(d, (x_mid, y_bottom), (x_right, y_bottom))
# 左支路：电流源
# 左支路：理想电流源（圆圈 + 竖线）
source_center_y = 4.2
source_radius = 0.55
wire(d, (x_left, y_top), (x_left, source_center_y + source_radius))
wire(d, (x_left, source_center_y - source_radius), (x_left, y_bottom))
# 圆圈
src = elm.Element().at((x_left, source_center_y)).anchor("center").hold()
src.anchors["center"] = (0, 0)
src.segments.append(SegmentCircle((0, 0), radius=source_radius))
d.add(src)
# 圆圈中间竖线
wire(d, (x_left, source_center_y - 0.5), (x_left, source_center_y + 0.5))
# 标注
add_text(d, (x_left + 0.7, source_center_y - 0.6), "Iₛ", fontsize=18)
# 右支路：A 表
wire(d, (x_right, y_top), (x_right, 5.0))
am = d.add(elm.MeterA().at((x_right, 5.0)).down().hold())
wire(d, am.end, (x_right, y_bottom))
# 中间支路：开关 + 可变电阻
wire(d, (x_mid, y_top), (x_mid, 5.2))
add_dot(d, (x_mid, 5.2), open_dot=True, radius=0.11)
add_dot(d, (x_mid, 4.25), open_dot=True, radius=0.11)
d.add(elm.Line().at((x_mid - 0.05, 4.35)).to((x_mid + 0.4, 5.0)).hold())
wire(d, (x_mid, 4.25), (x_mid, 3.6))
r = d.add(elm.ResistorIEC().at((x_mid, 3.6)).down(1.5).hold())
wire(d, r.end, (x_mid, y_bottom))
# 文字
add_text(d, (4.85, 4.85), "K", fontsize=18)
add_text(d, (4.8, 2.05), "R", fontsize=18)
save_drawing(d, "circuit_d.svg")
def main():
make_circuit_a()
make_circuit_b()
make_circuit_c()
make_circuit_d()
print("Created: circuit_a.svg, circuit_b.svg, circuit_c.svg, circuit_d.svg")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
experiment1/report.pdf
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experiment1/report.typ
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#set page(
paper: "a4",
margin: (
top: 2.3cm,
bottom: 2.3cm,
left: 2.5cm,
right: 2.5cm,
),
)
#set text(
font: "LXGW WenKai",
size: 13pt,
lang: "zh",
)
#set par(
first-line-indent: (amount: 2em, all: true),
justify: true,
leading: 0.8em,
)
#set heading(numbering: none)
#let line(len: 5em) = box(
width: len,
inset: 0pt,
)[#h(len)]
#let field(label, len: 7em) = [
#label：#underline[#box(width: len)[]]
]
#let photo-box(title, height: 6cm) = block(
width: 100%,
height: height,
inset: 10pt,
stroke: 0.8pt + rgb("#888"),
radius: 4pt,
fill: rgb("#fafafa"),
)[
#align(center + horizon)[
#text(11pt, fill: rgb("#777"))[#title]
]
]
#let small-gap = v(0.45em)
#let mid-gap = v(0.8em)
#let big-gap = v(1.2em)
#show heading.where(level: 1): it => {
big-gap
block(width: 100%)[
#text(16pt, weight: "bold")[#it.body]
]
v(0.5em)
}
#show heading.where(level: 2): it => {
v(0.9em)
block(width: 100%)[
#text(14pt, weight: "bold")[#it.body]
]
v(0.35em)
}
#show heading.where(level: 3): it => {
v(0.6em)
block(width: 100%)[
#text(12pt, weight: "bold")[#it.body]
]
v(0.2em)
}
#show math.equation: set text(size: 12pt)
#let note-box(body) = block(
width: 100%,
inset: 9pt,
radius: 4pt,
stroke: 0.6pt + rgb("#999"),
fill: rgb("#fcfcfc"),
)[#body]
#let report-table(..args) = table(
stroke: 0.7pt + black,
inset: 6pt,
align: center + horizon,
..args,
)
#align(center)[
#text(size: 20pt, weight: "bold")[实验报告]
]
= 实验一：采用不同电表测量同一电压
== （一）实验原理
实际测量中，电压表或万用表并联接入被测支路。由于仪表内阻不是无穷大，接入后会改变原电路参数，因此不同仪表测得的电压值会略有差异。仪表的准确度等级、量程和内阻大小都会影响测量结果。
本实验通过分别使用C65-V型直流电压表、MF47型万用表和UT52型数字万用表测量同一电压，比较其测量结果并分析误差来源。
== （二）实验方案和具体步骤
1. 连接实验电路，调节电源。
2. 检查电路连接无误后接通电源。
3. 分别使用C65-V型直流电压表、MF47型万用表和UT52型数字万用表测量a、b两端电压。
4. 记录各仪表的准确度等级、所选量程和内阻。
5. 将各仪表测得的$U_"ab"$记录于数据表中。
6. 计算相对误差。
== （三）实验电路连接及实测数据
#figure(
image("image/terminal_voltage_diagram.svg", width: 55%),
caption: [端电压测量图],
)
#grid(
columns: (1fr, 1fr),
gutter: 1em,
figure(
image("image/87d91b822e6565f30ddd47f6f19c4d3f.jpg", width: 90%),
caption: [测量实物图],
),
figure(
image("image/47862a98ad85295a46ef3f86169e6772.jpg", width: 90%),
caption: [测量实物图],
),
)
== （四）实验数据或结果
#figure(
caption: [不同仪表测量电压数据比较],
placement: none,
report-table(
columns: (1.8fr, 1.2fr, 1.2fr, 1.4fr, 1.4fr, 1.2fr, 1.4fr),
[仪表名称],
[准确度等级],
[量程 / V],
[内阻 / Ω],
[实测值 / V],
[$U_"ab"$理论值 / V],
[相对误差 / %],
[C65-V型直流电压表],
[0.5],
[12],
[120k],
[6.39],
[6.68],
[-4.43],
[MF47型万用表],
[2.5],
[10],
[200k],
[6.9],
[6.68],
[3.29],
[UT52型数字万用表],
[0.5],
[20],
[10M],
[6.66],
[6.68],
[-0.30],
),
)
#small-gap
按照图示电路连接，电源电压为10.02V，电路由1kΩ和2kΩ电阻构成分压网络，被测量为 a、b 两端电压$U_"ab"$。
在理想情况下，根据分压原理可得：
$
U_"ab" = 10.02 times 2 / (1 + 2) = 6.68"V"
$
相对误差计算公式为：
$
gamma = (A_x- A_0) / A_0 times 100%
$
其中，$U$为实测值，$U_0$为理论值。
== （五）分析和结论
分析：三种仪表测量同一电压时，读数基本接近，但仍有一定差异。其中UT52型数字万用表的测量值最接近理论值。其原因主要与仪表的准确度等级、量程和内阻有关。准确度越高，测量结果越准确；量程选择越合适，读数误差越小。电压表内阻越大，对原电路影响越小，测得结果越接近真实值。
结论：实验表明，不同仪表测量同一电压时会产生一定差异。选用准确度高、内阻大、量程合适的仪表，可以减小测量误差，提高测量结果的准确性。
#pagebreak()
= 实验二：测量电路的功率
== （一）实验原理
由于电流表与电压表都具有内阻，不同测量接法会引入不同系统误差，因此两种接法下测得功率会存在差异。
== （二）实验方案和具体步骤
1. 按图4 （a）连接电路。
2. 接通电源，读取并记录电压表和电流表的示值。
3. 按图5 （b）重新连接电路。
4. 再次读取并记录电压表和电流表的示值。
5. 利用测得数据计算电路功率。
6. 将实测功率与理论功率进行比较，并分析误差原因。
== （三）实验电路连接及实测数据
#grid(
columns: (2fr, 2fr),
gutter: 2em,
figure(
image("image/circuit_a.svg", width: 118.5%),
caption: [电路图（a）],
),
figure(
image("image/circuit_b.svg", width: 110%),
caption: [电路图（b）],
),
)
#grid(
columns: (2fr, 2fr),
gutter: 1em,
figure(
image("image/2279c7165d6594290b17dffb33f5a361.jpg", width: 90%),
caption: [测量实物图（a）],
),
figure(
image("image/3674dc017e2f1b40809317414f516c64.jpg", width: 90%),
caption: [测量实物图（a）],
),
figure(
image("image/6c91e279c55eed5092813572ce7b1705.jpg", width: 90%),
caption: [测量实物图（b）],
),
figure(
image("image/61f4ef8495d7f52ce1b4d6cc9316e93c.jpg", width: 90%),
caption: [测量实物图（b）],
),
)
== （四）实验数据或结果
功率计算公式为：
$
P = U I
$
按图所示的两种接法连接电路，通过测量电压和电流，可以计算负载功率或电路功率。已知电源电压为10.02V，电路中电阻分别为1kΩ和2kΩ，则总电阻为：
$
R = 1"kΩ" + 2"kΩ" = 3"kΩ"
$
理论总电流为：
$
I = (10.02"V") / (3"kΩ") = 3.34"mA"
$
负载理论功率为：
$
P = U I = 10.02"V" times 3.34"mA" = 33.47"mW"
$
相对误差计算公式为：
$
gamma = (P - P_0) / P_0 times 100%
$
其中，$P$为实测功率，$P_0$为理论功率。
#figure(
caption: [不同测量电功率的电路数据比较],
placement: none,
report-table(
columns: (1.6fr, 1.6fr, 1.6fr, 1.6fr, 1.5fr, 1.5fr),
[接法],
[电压表示值 / V],
[电流表示值 / mA],
[计算功率 / mW],
[理论功率 / mW],
[相对误差 / %],
[图 3.4（a）],
[10.01],
[4.31],
[43.14],
[33.47],
[28.90],
[图 3.4（b）],
[9.12],
[3.25],
[29.64],
[33.47],
[-11.44],
),
)
#small-gap
== （五）分析和结论
分析：两种接法下测得的功率值存在一定差异，但总体接近理论值。造成差异的主要原因是电流表和电压表都具有一定内阻，接入电路后会改变原有工作状态。若电流表接入位置不同，其内阻引起的影响不同；电压表并联位置不同，其分流作用也不同，因此会影响电压和电流的测量结果。
结论：
实验表明，不同接法会对功率测量结果产生影响。选择合适的测量方法和仪表，可减小误差，提高功率测量的准确性。
#pagebreak()
= 实验三：测量万用表电压挡和直流电流 5mA 挡的内阻
== （一）实验原理
电压表和电流表都不是理想仪表，其内部存在一定内阻。利用分压法和分流法可以测量万用表不同挡位的内阻。
=== 1. 电压挡内阻测量原理
设电压表内阻为$R_v$，已知标准电阻为$R$。开关闭合时电压表示数为$U_1$，开关断开后电压表示数为$U_2$，并有$U_s = U_1$。
根据分压原理：
$
U_2 = R_v / (R + R_v) times U_s
$
又因为 $U_s = U_1$，所以有：
$
U_2 = R_v / (R + R_v) times U_1
$
整理可得电压挡内阻：
$
R_v = U_2 / (U_1 - U_2) times R
$
=== 2. 直流 5mA 挡内阻测量原理
分流法测量电流表内阻的电路如图 3.2 所示。设电流表内阻为$R_a$，开关闭合时电流表的读数为$I_2$，开关打开后电流表的读数为$I_1$。根据分流原理，有
$
I_2 = R / (R + R_a) I_s
$
又因为
$
I_s = I_1
$
故可得电流表内阻为
$
R_a = (I_1 - I_2) / I_2 R
$
== （二）实验方案和具体步骤
=== 1. 测量电压挡内阻
1. 按照分压法连接实验电路，选用MF47型万用表直流10V电压挡。
2. 闭合开关，记录电压表示数$U_1$。
3. 断开开关后，记录电压表示数$U_2$。
4. 记录标准电阻$R$的阻值。
5. 代入公式计算电压挡内阻$R_v$。
=== 2. 测量直流 5mA 挡内阻
1. 按照分流法连接实验电路，将MF4 型万用表置于直流5mA挡。
2. 先断开开关，测得电流表读数为$I_1$
3. 再闭合开关，测得电流表读数为$I_2$。
4. 记录并联支路中标准电阻 $R$ 的阻值。
5. 代入公式计算
== （三）实验电路连接及实测数据
#v(0.2em)
#grid(
columns: 2fr,
gutter: 1em,
figure(
image("image/circuit_c.svg", width: 70%),
caption: [分压法测电压表内阻],
),
figure(
image("image/circuit_d.svg", height: 25%),
caption: [分流法测电流表内阻],
),
)
== （四）实验数据或结果
=== 1. 电压挡内阻测量数据表
#report-table(
columns: (1.6fr, 1.4fr, 1.4fr, 1.8fr, 1.8fr),
[电压挡量程],
[U₁ / V],
[U₂ / V],
[标准电阻 R / Ω],
[计算所得 Rᵥ / Ω],
[10V],
[10.02],
[5.09],
[200k],
[207k],
)
#mid-gap
=== 2. 直流 5mA 挡内阻测量数据表
#report-table(
columns: (1.6fr, 1.5fr, 1.5fr, 1.8fr, 1.8fr),
[电流挡量程],
[$I_1$ / mA],
[$I_2$ / mA],
[标准电阻 R / Ω],
[计算所得 Rₐ / Ω],
[5mA],
[4.00],
[2.74],
[100],
[45.99],
)
#small-gap
电压挡内阻计算公式为：
$
R_v = U_2 / (U_1 - U_2) times R
$
电流挡内阻计算公式为：
$
R_a = (I_1 - I_2) / I_2 R
$
== （五）分析和结论
分析：实验中采用分压法和分流法分别测量电压挡与电流挡的内阻，测得结果与仪表标称值基本接近，但仍存在一定差异。造成误差的主要原因是标准电阻本身具有一定误差，接入电路后会影响实际分压或分流情况；同时，仪表读数过程中存在估读误差，也会使测量结果产生偏差。
结论：实验表明，分压法和分流法都能够较好地测量仪表内阻，所得结果与理论值基本一致，说明实验方法正确可行。
#pagebreak()
= 思考题及实验心得
== （一）思考题
=== 1. 电容值、电感值测量有哪些方法？
电容值的测量方法主要有：利用电容挡或数字万用表直接测量、电桥法测量、交流参数法测量，以及通过测量充放电时间常数间接计算。
电感值的测量方法主要有：利用电感挡直接测量、电桥法测量、交流阻抗法测量，以及根据线圈在交流电路中的电压、电流和频率关系进行计算。不同方法适用于不同精度要求和不同元件范围，其中电桥法精度较高，数字仪表法操作较方便。
=== 2. 是不是仪表准确度等级越高，测量结果越精确？
仪表准确度等级越高，通常说明其基本误差越小，测量结果更接近真实值，但这并不意味着实际测量结果一定更精确。测量结果还受到量程选择、读数方式、仪表内阻、被测电路状态、环境条件以及操作方法等因素影响。如果量程选择不合适，或接线、读数存在误差，即使使用高准确度仪表，也可能得不到理想结果。因此，仪表准确度等级高只是提高测量精度的重要条件之一，而不是唯一条件。
=== 3. 三用表为什么测量电阻时读数是从右至左且刻度为不均匀设置？
三用表测量电阻时内部带有电池，实质上是通过被测电阻大小来决定表头电流大小。被测电阻越小，电流越大，指针偏转越大；被测电阻越大，电流越小，指针偏转越小。因此零欧姆对应满偏，位于刻度右端，而无穷大电阻对应电流接近零，位于刻度左端，所以电阻刻度是从右向左读数。又由于电流与电阻之间不是线性关系，而是反比关系，因此电阻刻度不能均匀分布，只能采用不均匀刻度。
== （二）实验心得
通过本次实验，我进一步掌握了电压、电流、电阻及功率等基本电参量的测量方法，熟悉了电工仪器的使用。本次实验不仅巩固了理论知识，也提高了我的动手能力和分析问题的能力。